system of calculation - tradução para russo
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system of calculation - tradução para russo

ECONOMIC CONCEPT
Economic Calculation Problem; Calculation problem; Lange-Lerner Equations; Hayek hypothesis; The economic calculation problem; Consumers' ballot

system of calculation      

математика

система счисления

back-of-the-envelope         
ROUGH CALCULATION USED TO FIND THE ORDER OF VALUE OF A VARIABLE RATHER THEN THE EXACT VALUE
Back of the envelope; Back-of-the-envelope-calculations; Back of the Envelope Calculations; Back of the envelope calculations; Back-of-the-envelope; Back of a napkin; Fag-packet calculation; BotEC; Back of the envelope calculation; BOTE; Back-of-the-envelope calculations; Back-of-envelope calculation; Napkin sketch; Napkin math

[bækəvði'envələup]

прилагательное

общая лексика

быстро и легко определяемый

не требующий сложных расчётов

system of units         
  • A baby bottle that measures in three measurement systems—metric, imperial (UK), and US customary
COLLECTION OF UNITS OF MEASUREMENT AND RULES RELATING THEM TO EACH OTHER
System of units; Ancient weights and measures; Historical weigths and measures; Traditional systems of measurement; Systems of units; Feudal measurement; Feudal Measurement; Measurement System; Mediaeval weights and measures; Historical weights and measures; Customary system; Customary measurement systems; Traditional measurement systems; Customary unit; Measurent system; Measurement system; Customary measurement system; Measurement Systems; System of weights and measures; Customary units of measure; Systems of measurement
[физ.] система измерений

Definição

грип
ГРИП, ГРИПП, гриппа, ·муж. (·франц. grippe) (мед.). Инфекционная болезнь - катарральное воспаление дыхательных путей, сопровождаемое лихорадочным состоянием; то же, что инфлуэнца
.

Wikipédia

Economic calculation problem

The economic calculation problem (sometimes abbreviated ECP) is a criticism of using economic planning as a substitute for market-based allocation of the factors of production. It was first proposed by Ludwig von Mises in his 1920 article "Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth" and later expanded upon by Friedrich Hayek.

In his first article, Mises described the nature of the price system under capitalism and described how individual subjective values (while criticizing other theories of value) are translated into the objective information necessary for rational allocation of resources in society. He argued that economy planning necessarily leads to an irrational and inefficient allocation of resources. In market exchanges, prices reflect the supply and demand of resources, labor and products. In the article, Mises focused his criticism on the deficiencies of the socialisation of capital goods, but he later went on to elaborate on various different forms of socialism in his book Socialism. He briefly mentioned the problem in the 3rd book of Human Action: a Treatise on Economics, where he also elaborated on the different types of socialism, namely the "Hindenburg" and "Lenin" models, which are uniquely different, and showing why, in his view, market socialism still falls prey to the problems that are tied to socialism.

Mises and Hayek argued that economic calculation is only possible by information provided through market prices and that bureaucratic or technocratic methods of allocation lack methods to rationally allocate resources. Mises's analysis centered on price theory while Hayek went with a more feathered analysis of information and entrepreneurship. The debate raged in the 1920s and 1930s and that specific period of the debate has come to be known by economic historians as the socialist calculation debate. Mises' initial criticism received multiple reactions and led to the conception of trial-and-error market socialism, most notably the Lange–Lerner theorem.

In the 1920 paper, Mises argued that the pricing systems in socialist economies were necessarily deficient because if a public entity owned all the means of production, no rational prices could be obtained for capital goods as they were merely internal transfers of goods and not "objects of exchange", unlike final goods. Therefore, they were unpriced and hence the system would be necessarily irrational as the central planners would not know how to allocate the available resources efficiently. He wrote that "rational economic activity is impossible in a socialist commonwealth". Mises developed his critique of socialism more completely in his 1922 book Socialism, arguing that the market price system is an expression of praxeology and can not be replicated by any form of bureaucracy.

Notable critics of both Mises's original argument and Hayek's newer proposition include Anarcho-capitalist economist Bryan Caplan, computer programmer and Marxist Paul Cockshott, as well as other communists.

Exemplos do corpo de texto para system of calculation
1. Exit polls initially showed Angela Merkel with a narrow leadThe second vote decides the allocation of the other 2'' seats via the state lists using a proportional system of calculation.
Como se diz system of calculation em Russo? Tradução de &#39system of calculation&#39 em Russo